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The United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) has destroyed weapons that were confiscated from internally displaced persons living at a UN Protection of Civilians Sites in Jonglei state On Monday.

The weapons that were confiscated by UNMISS were brought into the camp illegally earlier this year. Last year the government accused IDPs at the camp of being loyal to former Vice President Riek Machar, who turned rebel leader in South Sudan.

The fighting broke out in mid-December of 2013 in Juba and quickly escalated, spreading to the three states of Upper Nile, Jonglei and Unity and raged along tribal lines with Nuer against Dinka and Dinka against Nuer in those states. This led to displacement of those who could not escape the violence. These citizens fled to UN camps for protection.

But there some few people who were loyal to Machar and who entered the UN camps with their rifles. The United Nations expressly bars people seeking protection at UN camps from bringing weapons in with them.

Jonglei state’s UNMISS Coordinator Hazel De Wet spoke to people gathered to watch the UN destroy the weapons.

“We will do whatever retake to ensure that no one enters our base with a weapon because that is not the way we operate at all. At all times and we will do regular searches and whatever we find will be confiscated and then methodology attached in order to deactivate that,” De Wet said.

The weapons that were destroyed were 20 machetes, bayonets, sickles, empty magazines, and ammunition. In addition, nearly 150 military uniforms and accessories were confiscated.

Jonglei State Deputy Governor Baba Medan says the destruction of the confiscated items sends an important message for the future.

“We are very happy and we are coming here to witness what will happen and to send the message all over the world that the government of Jonglei state and government of South Sudan is committed to peace and we have a good cooperative with our UNMISS in Jonglei state.”

Authorities continue to find weapons in the Jonglei camp despite previous searches. UNMISS Police Official Colonel Komane Eddy says people are searched for weapons when they first enter the camp.  A second search was conducted when the IDP camp was moved in October, and a third search took place this week. He now declares the camp weapons free.

“Were they are staying now is weapons free. We can be very sure that there are no weapons now,” he said.

“We have got our UN police and Bangladeshis at the exit entry point to ensure that who enter the primacies does not smuggle or enter in with an item that is prohibited,” Eddy said.

UNMISS peace keeper, Brig. General Rajeev Kumar, says the UN is working with South Sudan to end the violence so that the government can concentrate on development issues.

“We need to consolidate in terms of various institutions, institutions of government, which create capacity for the quality, strong, professional modern armed forces which binds the country together.”

By Achiek J Riak

Authorities from Bor county have ordered the immediately return of seventeen heads of cattle that were stolen in the former Gumuruk area of Greater Pibor in November. Bor county officials say the peaceful returns of stolen cattle will create a good relationship and stability between two ethnic communities–the Dinka and Murle.

Since the government of South Sudan signed peace a agreement between the Cobra faction lead by General David Yau Yau, Jonglei state’s community has not experienced cattle rustling and child abduction due to the efforts of the Greater Pibor administration. But this year cattle thefts were committed in Bor and in western greater Pibor.

Bor County Commissioner Mamer Ruuk confirmed that some elements from his county went to former Gurmuruk Payam and stole seventeen heads of cattle in November and drove them back towards the direction of Anyidi in Bor county.

Ruuk said South Sudan’s army and police force had intercepted the thieves before their arrival to Anyidi. He said that unfortunately the criminals had run away, leaving the seventeen heads of cattle for police force. He said Bor community doesn’t want to create other problems with Murle tribesmen.

“I want to assure our public that the government of South Sudan is ready for peace, when Murle (cattle owners) come they have to be escorted by police up to the border and Manyabol,” Ruuk said.

He urged Murle cattle owners not to fear coming to Bor. He said if they come they will go back peacefully and police will take responsibility for escorting cattle from Bor to Gumuruk area.

“Our interest is that we wanted to show the public that we need peace–we don’t need war–and it is the responsibility of the government to fight those criminals between Murle and Dinka Bor.”

Commissioner Ruuk said that the cows were now under police protection and the state government had already contacted the Greater Pibor chief of the administrative area.

But the chief administrator of greater Pibor administrative area, Gen. David Yau Yau, said that Bor county has taken a good initiative towards people of greater Pibor administrative are. Yau Yau said his administration would create a conducive atmosphere by tracing out Dinka cattle in their home land, too.

The Member of Parliament representing Anyidi Payam, Philip Thon Nyok, welcomed the decision, saying that the taking back of stolen cattle would create peace between Dina and Murle tribes.

“When the agreement between Yau Yau and the government was established we found a relative peace because what used to happen–the [cattle] raiding–the movement of Murle around the area stopped and we were hearing that it was Yau Yau who stopped them, but we have realized with the administration of Yau Yau, the thieves are known and that is why they were controlled since that [peaceful] time without anything happening up to now.”

Thon said all chief from Anyidi payam were still following the criminals seriously in order to apprehend them and bring them to justice. Thon also said the duty of the commissioner was to make sure that those cattle were taken back as soon as possible.

Jacob Kunay, a member of Bor County Youth Association said people of greater Bor are peace lovers.

“That idea for the cows to be returned is good because it has been a problem with Pibor for long and if the peace has come now, we don’t need anyone again to temper with this peace,” Kuany said.

“These people should be brought to books so that they are exemplary to whoever will go back again for stilling the cows,” Kuany said.

Four months ago, Suspected Murle criminals raided a number of cattle from Kuoingo, a village located 6 kilometers away from Bor center but up to now no criminals had been caught by authorities in the Greater Pibor administration, but the chief administrator, David Yau Yau assured the Bor County Authority to remain calm and wait for the result from him.

In 2012, Jonglei state’s Government returned more than 400 head of cattle that were stolen by criminals back to Gumuruk payam.

By Achiek J. Riak

An increasing number of people from Western countries are moving around the world to other areas they deem safer, hold better job potential, and are cheaper overall. A large number of these people are moving to Cambodia in search of these things. While it’s very difficult to get an exact number of expatriates coming to Cambodia to live, it’s thought they’re in the tens of thousands.

Many of those that have moved to Cambodia are retired but have found work in their new home country. An expatriate from Canada that wished to remain anonymous told this reporter that while Cambodia is an up and coming country that holds potential for expatriate retirees, it may not be as easy as expected. “The best opportunities are self employment, and to (start off) with a Cambodian partner.” For three years he has been running an online business in Siem Reap that helps expatriates moving to Cambodia find new homes on a tight budget.

Another expatriate, a teacher at one of Siem Reap’s international schools, thinks it’s relatively easy to get a teacher’s job, even with little experience. Nea Techeang, a Khmer American, has been living in Cambodia for two and a half years after living in America for the previous twenty eight years. “I basically walked into the school, met with the owner, and about a week later I had a position teaching kindergarten. It’s much easier to get a good job here than in America.”

Another advantage to living in Cambodia is that English is becoming more widely spoken as education improves, according to the anonymous source. “To live here (Siem Reap) in retirement you do not need to know the language as it is (a) tourist city and many people speak some English and in government offices; dentists (and) doctors etc speak English well.” Mrs. Techeang agrees, but also adds that English is spoken and understood much more in the cities. “The quality of education for the children here is improving, as there are so many international schools in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. However, older people living in the countryside have a basic knowledge of English, as they had limited access to education growing up.”

Some bonuses that the anonymous source stated as to why Cambodia is a nice country to move to is the food and weather. “(The) food is delicious, weather is tropical and (similar) as what you would get in Thailand, Philippines or nearby countries but no typhoons, hurricanes or earthquakes which some other countries may experience.” Mrs. Techeang elaborates on the Cambodian diet. “While many of the dishes revolve around fish, rice, and vegetables, there are many other choices you can make. Chicken and pork are eaten more now, especially in stir fries. If you go to the right markets, they can be bought cheaply too.”

Both of the expatriates agree that for the most part, prices on housing and other necessities are far cheaper than their home countries. Mrs. Techeang says that being Cambodian herself and knowing how to speak Khmer helped when she was looking for a home in Siem Reap. “I was able to speak to the local motorcycle drivers to find some decently priced apartments. There are many apartments, small houses, and rooms for rent here that are quite affordable. My husband and I live in an apartment in a good part of town for under $75.” The anonymous source also said that transportation can be found cheaply. “There’s no need for (a) car here and it’s best to buy a new or used motorcycle (scooter with 100-150 cc) to get around.”

When the source was asked if he had any advice for people looking to move to Cambodia, he said he thought that overall the country makes a great choice. “It’s a good place to retire to if you want (a) low cost of living, it’s safe, and a friendly place to live. I only wish I knew more about living in Asia sooner and made the move years before I did.”

By Brett Scott

The debate about hydraulic fracturing for shale gas exploitation (fracking) has been raging constantly in the UK since 2007 when the prospect of drilling for shale gas was first proposed. Since then, the British government, having looked at the US experience and decided that it wants a piece of the action, has embraced the idea.

Swiss chemicals giant INEOS has recently announced their intention to invest £640 million in shale gas exploration in the UK, a figure that is considerably larger than any of the budgets proposed by the other companies interested in this sector. The company is planning to substantially increase its shale gas interests in a bid to become one of the biggest players in the UK shale gas sector.

Fracking is potentially even more controversial in the UK than it has been in the US. Environmental groups such as Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth are directly opposed to the process and have rapidly moved to denounce INEOS plans. The prime reasons for environmentalist opposition to shale gas include, as they do in America, environmental damage, effect on climate change, water depletion, seismic effects, the pollution of groundwater by methane and fracking fluids and the impact on neighbouring communities, given the density of the population in the UK. This is essentially why, at present, official estimates of UK gas reserves do not include shale gas.

Then there are the issues concerning distraction from the longer term task of replacing fossil fuels with renewables. Despite its view that shale gas will play an important role in the UK energy mix, the Chartered Institute of Water and Environmental Management (CIWM) argues that shale gas should not undermine the drive for energy efficiency or renewable energy because sustained investment is required in those sectors in order to decarbonise the electricity sector. It additionally warns that shale gas extraction will act to exacerbate the UK’s difficulties with regard to meeting its climate change targets.

Those environmental concerns aside, the really big question for the average citizen in the UK, concerned about energy bills, is whether shale gas really will help to lower energy prices. The available evidence suggests not.

Despite the British government’s enthusiasm for fracking, which is based on the positive US experience in which shale gas extraction has helped to turn around the country’s economic fortunes, Deutsche Bank pointed out in 2011 that the US has been in a far better position to recover shale gas than the UK, due to advantages in equipment, drilling services, infrastructure, mineral rights legislation and population density. This means that in Europe and the UK, the process of extraction, assuming there are significant resources to be had, will be drawn out over a much longer term and will impose far greater costs than those the US has had to meet.

The really fundamental problem with shale gas in the UK is that no-one is really sure just how much of it exists. Cuadrilla believes, on the basis of its two test drills conducted so far, that the Bowland Shale covered by its licence is around 1,000 metres thick, as opposed to just 90 metres thick in most of the areas covered by US operations. Based on the data from its activities up to September 2011, the company estimated a figure of 5,660 billion cubic metres (bcm), of which 20 percent would be recoverable, thus a final recoverable amount of 1,132bcm. Island Gas meanwhile estimated 131bcm incorporating a risk factor of 50 percent while Composite Energy estimates 34bcm in their PEDL 1333 area. GreenPark Energy focuses mainly on coal, although it has been test drilling in Canonbie, Dumfries and Galloway since 2009.

This means that out of the four companies operations, only Cuadrilla has presented measured data. Under their commercialisation scenarios, recoverable shale gas from their licences peaks in 2026 and then declines, providing an amount equivalent to about ten months of UK consumption. A report produced by the Tyndall Centre estimates that over a 20 year period, between 2,600 and 3,000 wells would need to be developed in order to achieve a sustained annual output of 9bcm per year. This would require an average of 130 to 150 wells developed per year.

The BGS/DECC Shale Gas report of 2010 warned that US analogies used to generate current estimates may be invalid and that the gas content of UK shale remains unknown. The BGS (British Geological Survey) does concede that there is a substantial amount of shale at depth, but the shale gas potential it represents is unclear.

In this same report, updated in 2012, DECC (The Department of Energy and Climate Change) further concludes that “it is far from certain that the conditions that underpin shale gas production in North America will be replicable in the UK.” Meanwhile the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research points out that hopes of shale gas acting as a ‘bridging fuel’ while renewable energy infrastructure is developed in the UK cannot be realistically assumed. Even more damning is the conclusion by the government’s own Climate Change Committee (CCC) that shale gas produced either in the UK or in Europe is unlikely to reduce natural gas prices. In this respect, the US experience is unique.

It is highly unlikely therefore that shale gas will have any impact on rising energy bills in the UK. Given that it can hardly be considered a low carbon fuel, one then has to ask why on earth fracking was considered as a viable energy measure in the country in the first place.

Analysis by Robin Whitlock

Barcelona dwellers that regularly come in contact with guidebook-wielding tourists will be aware of a controversial video on YouTube that has been stirring an already explosive debate. “Bye Bye Barcelona” by Journalist Eduardo Chibás is a documentary about the increasing loss of key parts of the city to the tidal wave of tourism that washes up on shore with increasing numbers every year.

The documentary (with over 159,000 hits) has come at a key moment when Barcelona has found itself at a cultural cross-roads; its loss of a strong cultural identity is seemly at odds with the super-tourist destination image it portrays overseas, an identity that is quite literally taking the city hostage.

Certain parts of Barcelona that were once dedicated to the local population by bygone forward thinking architects have been lost in favor of mass tourism and the profiteering that goes along with it.

Certainly during the high-peek months the residents of Barcelona have had to relinquish the church La Sagrada Familia and the famous market; La Boquiera to the hordes. Park Güell now charges entry to non-residents, but for local residents it has become a no-go zone.

Residents protest that the park was donated to the people of Barcelona by the Güell family to be used as an open green space, not for the Barcelona town hall to profit from; charging for entry is not a way to stem or manage the tidal wave of irresponsible mass tourism.

“Masificación,” meaning “Overcrowding,” has recently become a buzz word on the lips of most residents, as cruise ships regally offload up to 30 thousand tourists into the city during the summer months on a daily basis, counting on increasing numbers from countries such as Russia and China whose populations are beginning to gain the means to travel more frequently and further afield.

Santiago Tejedor, co-director of Travel journalism at Barcelona University and who featured in the Bye Bye Barcelona documentary said of the phenomenon, “All this is due to low-cost air travel and a globalized culture that makes people seek to discover new places in their spare time. These ideas combine and have turned tourism, not into the act of travelling but of consuming those destinations”.

It is no secret that Barcelona appears high on the agenda of these new world tourists. Barcelona is now the 4th most visited city in Europe after London, Paris and Rome–all of which are significantly bigger in size and more capable of dealing with the sheer volume of visitors.
Santiago Tejedor also highlighted that “Barcelona is also the 4th destination in Europe that disappoints visitors, because there is nothing authentic to offer people.”

The idea of mass tourism fuels the image of stereotypes shuffling up La Rambla wearing fake FC Barcelona shirts and Mexican sombreros with a sandal-and-white-sock combo, viewing the city from behind a camera viewfinder.

Barcelona became the focal point of the Responsible Tourism Conference in Oct. 2013, to find way to balance the positive and negative impacts of tourism and create a balance where they can both co-exist in the same space.

Managing friction between visitors and local residents seems high on the agenda for the Barcelona town hall, set apart from obvious financial gains that the city benefits from.

It is well-known that Barcelona is heavily dependent on tourism. It counts for 11 percent of Catalonia´s GDP and provides some 400,000 jobs. Since the Olympic games of ´92 the city has undergone a series of drastic changes, sending out a clear message that it is a desirable tourist package.

With the increasing popularity of the city there also the danger that Barcelona is close to going the same way as Venice, becoming an open air museum, devoid of indigenous population. This can be seen as reflected in the fact that London has its own chain of Barcelona tapas restaurants decked out in Gaudiesque designs, showing that Barcelona´s cultural identity template is fully transferable overseas.

Opinion By Anthony Bain

Photos: Jose Téllez, Ignacio Martínez Egea, Gregg, KeithProvenArtist

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A band of Munduruku Indians occupied a Brazilian government building in Itaitiba city, Para state, Friday, demanding that the government address the problem of loggers and gold miners incurring on their traditional land. The tribe held the building’s staff hostage peacefully, but threatened “a conflict of unimaginable proportions” if the government did not take action and the invaders persisted, which, they said, the government would be responsible for.

“We want [politicians in] Brasília to quickly demarcate our land,” said the chief Juarez Saw Munduruku, “because we look after this land much better than the Brazilian government bodies do.”

As the chief said this, around 40 Munduruku Indians cried “Sawe!”–an exclamation of appreciation, solidarity, celebration or battle cry in Munduruku tradition, as reported Agencia Publica, who accompanied the tribe to the building.

The occupation of the Funai (Brazilian government body responsible for indigenous affairs) building was an escalation of ongoing tensions regarding the tribe’s traditional land.

Previous to the occupation, The Munduruku had published a letter about the imminent conflict between the gold miners and the tribe. The later stated that if the demarcation process was not accomplished, Funai would be “provoking a conflict of unimaginable proportions between the Munduruku and the invaders.”

The Munduruku are demanding the demarcation of Sawre Muybu, land that has been occupied by the tribe for centuries and which is marked for demarcation by Funai technicians. However, the process has been stopped in Brasilia, the federal capital of Brazil.

The previous (interim) president of Funai left office in September without fulfilling a promise she had made to the Munduruku to publish a report that the Munduruku are stressing in their demands.

According to a report, the territory has been ready for demarcation for more than a year, but the report has not been published by the federal government.

Demarcation would legally prevent the construction of a hydroelectric plant that will flood three villages, because the constitution of Brazil prohibits the removal of indigenous tribes.

Because demarcation has not been undertaken by the government, the Munduruku decided to demarcate their territory on their own. Four miles have already been opened in the forest. The occupation of the Funai building was precipitated by the discover that more than 300 miners were exploring the boundaries of Munduruku territory–a location considered sacred to the tribe. The miners said that they would not leave until after the land was demarcated.

The tribe made statements that they would occupy the building and hold its staff hostage so long as there was no effective answer from Brasilia. Brazil’s justice minister was reportedly to be contacted by Funai’s president in Brasilia, according to Agencia Publica, who was with the Munduruku inside the building.

However, after around seven hours without any indication that the government would give an answer, the tribe left to return to self-demarcation.

The Munduruku expressed concern, however, that the action would generate a retaliation from the miners and loggers present along the borders of their territory.

“If we get into a conflict with the invaders, the government will have to take responsibility,” said a representative of the women of the Munduruku, Maria Leusa Cosme Kaba.

By Sid Douglas

Photos: Marcio Isensee e Sá

The US intervention in Iraq and Syria against the Islamic State (ISIS) has been going for just under two months now. While it has in some ways slowed the progress of ISIS forces, especially in fights against Kurdish units around Kobane, they are far from routed. In fact, in the last few days, the terrorist organisation has demonstrated a stunning degree of tactical flexibility, attacking the remainder of the Iraqi government garrison in Ramadi, prompting local leaders to claim that ISIS was “24 hours away” from total control of the province.

In the face of the US airstrikes failing to stop ISIS, Obama is left in a rather awkward position, and has taken a number of decisions which belie the chaotic decision making process within the White House. Firstly, on Tuesday this week, his Secretary of Defence, Chuck Hagel, was reportedly forced to resign following the poor response to the emergence of ISIS. Secondly, the announcement yesterday that the US Air Force was redeploying a squadron of A­10 ‘Warthog’ close air support aircraft to Iraq in order to fight ISIS, and assist the Iraqi Security
Forces (ISF) in a last ditch defence of Anbar province. Together these decisions show an administration struggle to keep up with developments on the ground.

Obama’s Dilemma

The problems which the Obama Administration faces in this new engagement in Iraq and Syria are rooted in the limited form of warfare which they are trying to fight. By attempting to have the best of both worlds, attacking and attempting to destroy ISIS from the air, while at the same time promising not to send significant ground forces to the region, the US response is strategically crippled.

Without ‘boots on the ground’ the US is forced to work with local proxies, and arm and train them to fight ISIS. The problem is, the US simply has no real allies in the region. In Iraq they are working with the ISF, however the bulk of the ISF is made up of Shia-­dominated militias who see the war as a religious struggle against the Sunni, and have been reported to be carrying out ethnic cleansing in areas under their control. Meanwhile in Syria, the US has made the even more dubious choice of working with “moderate” Sunni rebels. Putting aside questions on whether such rebels exist in any real number, these moderates are allied with extremists the US is actively attacking like Jabhat Al Nusra (the local Al­Qaeda affiliate), and as such, are of questionable allegiance.

A Nightmare Scenario

Unless some kind of miracle (or greater calamity) occurs, 3 to 6 months from now, the situation will likely grind into a bloody stalemate. The Assad regime will be fighting to finish off the non-­ISIS rebels in Syria, while the ISF will hold their ground, and maybe make small gains against ISIS in Sunni regions of Iraq. The Kurds meanwhile will also not seek to overextend themselves and attempt to reclaim ISIS occupied region. So after billions of dollars spent and thousands killed, very little of the US’s strategic goals will be achieved.

In the face of this failure, there is a very real risk of mission creep. The current force of 2­3,000 US soldiers in Iraq could rapidly rise, and begin to see themselves move into a more combat-­focused role. Furthermore, the tacit alliance between the US and Shia militia in Iraq could backfire, and further alienate the Sunni Arab world, leading to yet more potential recruits for ISIS’s growing army.

Stuck within the constraints of ‘limited war’, the question becomes not whether the US can defeat ISIS, but whether the they have the political will to do so. The continued existence of the Islamic State rests not on battlefield successes, but rather whether the US president is prepared to risk a more intense (and longer ­term) conflict with the group.

Opinoin by Michael Cruickshank

Although the world’s poorest countries are thriving in terms of market values–over the past decade they have grown vigorously due to rising developmental aid and export prices–the people of those countries are trapped in a system in which poverty cannot be reversed–a phenomenon newly identified by UNCTAD and termed the “LDC paradox.”

“The world’s 48 least developed countries (LDCs) are the battleground on which the post-2015 development agenda will be won or lost,” stated the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in a newly released report. “Its success will depend on action by the international community and the LDCs to structurally transform their economies and break the vicious circle of human and economic development that has trapped these countries in poverty.”

The poorest 48 countries are failing to meet the UN’s Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) while growing economically. Growth in the least developed countries exceeded the seven percent target set by the international community. The LDC world even outstripped the rest of the developing world after the 2008 financial crisis, a time when LDCs grew an average of just under six percent per year, despite the uncertainty of export prices and a slowing of aid funding from donor countries facing austerity measures.

Of the MDG target countries, only one is on track to meet all of the MDG goals–the Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

This failure to meet MDG targets despite strong growth has been dubbed the “LDC paradox” by UNCTAD.

“The economic performance of developing countries is based on two separate but interrelated processes: increasing labour productivity and productive structural transformation,” the report found. ” Structural transformation has different dimensions, especially changes in the composition of output, employment, exports and aggregate demand.”

“Under favourable economic and institutional conditions, a rise in labour productivity leads to a rise in output, and thus to higher incomes,” the report continued. “However, higher labour productivity also gives rise to trade-offs. For LDCs, the crucial trade-off relates to aggregate employment. Employment growth is limited if faster productivity growth is not accompanied by faster expansion of aggregate demand. Indeed, without strong demand for output, a rise in labour productivity could even reduce employment.”

Although the LDCs are experiencing unprecedented growth, this growth is not accompanied by the creation of decent jobs in higher-productivity activities.

The problem, as UNCTAD identifies it, is that policy makers don’t recognize the need for a framework of upward-tending development that would lead to real transformative growth.

The goal of the UN’s post-2015 development agenda is total eradication of poverty by 2030–zero poverty everywhere within 15 years. According to the report, meeting this goal will depend mostly on LDCs, in which lies the biggest developmental challenges

The report identified three key approaches to meeting MDG targets: mobilizing resources for investment, directing these resources towards transforming economies and establishing macroeconomic policies that promote investment and demand growth.

Diversifying rural economies was also identified as critical to eradicating poverty, and crucial to this was the inclusion of women, who are particularly important contributors to social and economic development in rural areas, according to the report.

The core of the agenda, UNCTAD concluded, should be a virtuous circle between economic and human development, in order to reverse the vicious cycle of the LDC paradox.

“For LDCs, greater progress in economic development will require not only economic growth, but also a dynamic transformation of their economies,” found UNCTAD.

Photos: Rod Waddington, Jeff Attaway