Scientists Predict Water Scarcity in 2020 and Global Water Shortage in 2040

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According to two reports recently published by the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA), current water usage will lead to water scarcity affecting 30-40 percent of the world by 2020, and a global shortage by 2040.

The reports, “Capturing Synergies Between Water Conservation and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the Power Sector” and “A Clash of Competing Necessities; Water Adequacy and Electric Reliability in China, India, France, and Texas,” were completed by researchers from Aarhus University in Denmark, Vermont Law School and CNA Corporation in the US and published on the CNA website.

The researchers looked at links between electric power generation and water use, focusing on the US, France, India and China, and compared these with data on population predictions.

The researchers found that in some countries electricity generation used more water than human consumption, but in most countries large amounts of water were used to cool various energy generation systems.

“Water used to cool power plants is the largest source of water withdrawals in the United States and France, and a large source in China and India,” said lead researcher Paul Faeth.

The researchers concluded that in the near future water consumption will be pitted against electricity and other power generation cooling needs. The researchers recommended replacing many power systems with wind and solar power–currently the only two power solutions that do not require cooling cycles.

Another finding of the research was that most power systems do not register the amount of water they use.

Read more: Most Power Systems Do Not Register Water Usage, New Study Discovers

Researcher on the study Professor Benjamin Sovacool, concluded, “If we keep doing business as usual, we are facing an insurmountable water shortage–even if water was free, because it’s not a matter of the price. There will no water by 2040 if we keep doing what we’re doing today. There’s no time to waste. We need to act now.”

By Day Blakely Donaldson

Most Power Systems Do Not Register Water Usage, New Study Discovers — Will Cause Water Scarcity by 2020 and Water Shortage by 2040

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Two recent water use studies by the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA) have discovered that most power systems do not register how much water they are using to cool their systems. The finding is relevant in light of the main finding of the research: due to combined water consumption and power system cooling, water scarcity will affect 30-40 percent of the world by 2020 and will surpass available water resources by 2040, leading to a global water shortage.

“It’s a huge problem that the electricity sector do not even realise how much water they actually consume. And together with the fact that we do not have unlimited water resources, it could lead to a serious crisis if nobody acts on it soon,” said Professor Benjamin Sovacool from Aarhus University.

The two reports, “Capturing Synergies Between Water Conservation and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the Power Sector” and “A Clash of Competing Necessities; Water Adequacy and Electric Reliability in China, India, France, and Texas,” were competed by Aarhus University in Denmark, Vermont Law School and CNA Corporation in the US, and were published on the CNA website.

The water shortage will affect 30-40 percent of the world by 2020, the researchers found, and it will be impossible to maintain current water usage by 2040, resulting in future competition between energy and human consumption needs.

“This means that we’ll have to decide where we spend our water in the future, said Sovocool. “Do we want to spend it on keeping the power plants going or as drinking water? We don’t have enough water to do both.”

“It’s a very important issue,” said Paul Faeth, lead researcher and Director of Energy, Water, & Climate at CNA. “Water used to cool power plants is the largest source of water withdrawals in the United States and France, and a large source in China and India.”

ScreenHunter_551 Jul. 29 12.59The researchers noted that only solar and wind power systems do not require cooling cycles, and recommended replacing other power sources with these systems.

In addition to improving energy efficiency and cooling cycle technology, the researchers advised the registration of power plant water consumption and the abandonment of fossil fuel facilities in all water-scarce locations.

“If we keep doing business as usual, we are facing an insurmountable water shortage–even if water was free–because it’s not a matter of the price. There will no water by 2040 if we keep doing what we’re doing today. There’s no time to waste. We need to act now,” concluded Sovacool.

Water cooling is used because it is inexpensive and non-toxic, although direct cooled systems do pose thermal pollution risks. Water cooling is superior to air cooling because of its higher specific heat capacity, density and thermal conductivity. Industrial water cooling uses river, ocean and well water.

“The recommendations in these reports can serve as a starting point for leaders in these countries,” said Faeth, “and for leaders around the world, to take the steps needed to ensure the reliability of current generating plants and begin planning for how to meet future demands for electric power.”

By Day Blakely Donaldson

Illustration courtesy Climate Reality Project

Some Lies More Destructive Than Others – Study Simulates Various Kinds of Lies and Their Effect on Social Cohesion

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Scientists at Aalto University School of Science in Finland have conducted a study in which they found that some lies may be more destructive to society than others, and that some types of lies may be essential to the growth of cohesive social networks.

“There is no society without lies,” stated lead researcher Rafael Barrio, a theoretical physicist at Aalto University.

illustration of two types of social developments based on liesThe report, “Effects of deception in social networks,” was completed by Gerardo Iñiguez, Tzipe Govezensky, Robin Dunbar, Kimmo Kaski and Rafael A. Barrio at Finland’s Aalto University School of Science, and was published in Proceedings of the Royal Society.

In their research, the Aalto University team differentiated between selfish lies–protecting oneself at the expense of others or lying to purposefully hurt others–and “white lies,” such as encouraging a child’s early attempts at performing music, which are generally socially acceptable. The researchers called these two types of lies antisocial and prosocial lies.

Robin Dunbar, one of the researchers on the team, told The Speaker, “The model is based on the impact that lies have: selfish lies are those where the individual gains a benefit at the expense of the recipient, whereas prosocial lies (fibs) are those where the recipient (or at least the relationship between the liar and the recipient) benefits. Prosocial lies are of the kind we do when we “Like” someone’s Facebook page post even when we don’t in fact like it at all, but feel we ought to.”

The team created a virtual scenario where 200 virtual individuals with various fixed opinions engaged in 200,000 interactions. By adjusting the honesty level of individuals, as well as the types of lies told, the researchers observed differing social developments.

There researchers found differences based prosocial and antisocial lying. “Antisocial lying causes social networks to become increasingly fragmented,” the report stated. “Antisocial dishonesty thus places strong constraints on the size and cohesion of social communities, providing a major hurdle that organisms have to overcome (e.g. by evolving counter-deception strategies) in order to evolve large, socially cohesive communities.

“In contrast, white lies can prove to be beneficial in smoothing the flow of interactions and facilitating a larger, more integrated network.”

After running a number of scenarios, the researchers found that a perfectly honest society increased trust over time and resulted in a well-connected group.

The introduction of antisocial liars led to fragmentation of the network. Small, tightly connected groups of honest individuals formed. The small groups were weakly connected to other small groups by dishonest individuals. When all individuals engaged in antisocial lying the result was complete isolation.

When prosocial lies were factored in, however, the social fabric was not destroyed. Instead, two large communities formed. The communities were composed of like-minded honest agents, and were based on shared opinions. Between the two groups, mostly dishonest agents provided a weak connection.

Based on their findings, the researchers concluded that some kinds of lying could actually enhance cohesiveness in society.

“Our results demonstrate that these group-level effects can arise as emergent properties of interactions at the dyadic level,” the report read. “The balance between prosocial and antisocial lies may set constraints on the structure of social networks, and hence the shape of society as a whole.”

The researchers also found that when individuals were initially undecided as to their opinions, prosocial lies reduced indecisiveness.

By James Haleavy

 

UN Warns Foreign Fighters in Ukraine Will Be Brought to Justice for Any War Crimes

Navi Pillay warns East Ukraine Separatists
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The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay stated Monday that foreign fighters and others currently active in East Ukraine would be brought to justice for any war crimes committed in East Ukraine. Pillay made the statement while issuing a new report by the UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, and calling for care in preventing civilian casualties in Ukraine.

“I would like to stress to all those involved in the conflict, including foreign fighters, that every effort will be made to ensure that anyone committing serious violations of international law, including war crimes, will be brought to justice, no matter who they are,” said Pillay. “I urge all sides to bring to an end the rule of the gun and restore respect for the rule of law and human rights.” Pillay also noted that the downing of Malaysian Air MH17 may qualify as a war crime.

Pillay called for a “prompt, thorough, effective, independent and impartial investigation” into the downing of MH17. The UN Security Council also called for the investigation, and demanded armed groups currently active in Eastern Ukraine allow investigators unfettered access.

By Day Blakely Donaldson

 

Small First Nations Tribe Evicts TransCanada Pipeline Crew From Land

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The Unist’ot’en tribe, which has taken an uncompromising stance to industrial development on its land, has evicted a TransCanada pipeline crew from its land.

Small First Nations Tribe Evicts TransCanada Pipeline Crew From Land (4)“We’re not willing to sit down at any table with them because our firm answer is no,” said Freda Huson, Unist’ot’en camp leader. “An official letter with the clan’s letter heading and the chief’s signature will go to the company and mention that they were evicted off our territory and that they’re not permitted back, and that if they come back it’s trespass.”

The crew was found in a section of Unist’ot’en land where several fracked gas and tar sands pipelines had been planned without tribal consent, and were evicted peacefully. The TransCanada Coastal GasLink pipeline crew were conducting preliminary work for a project to carry gas from Northeastern British Columbia to the West Coast.

The Unist’ot’en community is functioning as a watchdog for the land, ensuring that Unist’ot’en law is enforced. Unist’ot’en land has only one entry point, which includes a bridge that displays the words “NO PIPELINES.”

Anyone entering Unist’ot’en land is expected to answer questions about their stay and how it will benefit the Unist’ot’en.

The TransCanada crew flew in by helicopter over the bridge and landed without permission in a low mountain valley. According to Unist’ot’en representatives, the helicopter flew over the bridge several times and should have been able to read the sign.

Huson spoke of the action and the Unist’ot’en camp in an interview recently with Vice News’ Michael Toledano, saying that she encouraged people to come and see the land they were protecting for themselves.

Small First Nations Tribe Evicts TransCanada Pipeline Crew From Land (1)“The number one thing when people take away from here is they drink water, fresh from the river, still got the minerals intact, and it’s still pure compared to what they get out of the tap back home,” Huson said, speaking of the Widzin Kwah river, the last river within Unist’ot’ten land from which it is safe to drink. “And they see everything around—the animals, the beauty, the mountains, and all the plants.

“They see all that and see what it is that we’re protecting here and see that we’re human, we’re not militant as the media would try to portray us, but we’re actually human like everybody else. We got educated, we got jobs, walked away from jobs because we felt it was important to try and protect the remaining lands that we still have left, which is a very small amount.”

There’s probably ten percent that’s pristine like this area here, and we’re trying to hang onto that ten percent for our future generations,” said Huson, referring to the extensive British Columbia mining and logging industry.

“This place has been in the hands of the Unist’ot’en people for thousands of years. They’ve managed it,” said Freda’s husband, hereditary chief of a neighboring clan, Toghestiy. “Governments and corporations moved in, forced us onto reservations, and came out and mismanaged it. Now the Unist’ot’en are back out here and they’re going to manage it again. They’re going to manage it properly.”

A TransCanada representative said of the eviction, “While we believed we had permission to do this work, our crew decided to safely leave the area after being confronted by people wearing masks.”

Huson was firm on the Unist’ot’en stance.

“No means no, and we have the final jurisdiction on our own territory,” said Huson. “This is not Crown land, this does not belong to Indian bands… this is my peoples’ territory and we never gave up our decision making power to anybody. Tell them to produce their papers, or anything, that say we gave them the power to decide for us. Our governing system is our hereditary chiefs system and its members.”

By Day Blakely Donaldson

Brazil Researchers Solve Bread Mold Problem–Bread Can Now Be Kept at Room Temperature for Two Weeks Without Growing Mold, and Using Natural, Chemical-Free Preservatives

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Researchers in Brazil have found a way to preserve bread kept at room temperature for up to 15 days without growing mold, and they have done it using natural preservatives rather than chemicals.

Their report, “Edible Films from Methylcellulose and Nanoemulsions of Clove Bud (Syzygium aromaticum) and Oregano (Origanum vulgare) Essential Oils as Shelf Life Extenders for Sliced Bread,” was completed by Caio G. Otoni, Silvania F. O. Pontes, Eber A. A. Medeiros, and Nilda de F. F. Soares of the Laboratory of Food Packaging, Department of Food Technology, Federal University of Viçosa, in Brazil, and was published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

natural bread preservativesThe University of Viscosa team found two ways of preserving bread, using plant-based essential oils and using natural preservatives.

Natural preservatives, such as oregano and clove–which have natural antimicrobial properties–were added to the packaging of bread to keep airborne microbes, fungi and yeast from developing into green mold on the surface of bread.

In another test, essential oils were mixed with water and a plant-based thickener and applied to the bread as an “edible film.” The bread was then placed inside a plastic bag for storage.

Both tests had similar results. Bread kept at room temperature could store bread mold free for over two weeks–rather than the usual few days.

This natural method is being proposed by the Brazilian team as an alternative to the chemicals that are usually added to fresh bread to preserve it from mold.

The team also suggested that the technique could be used on a larger scale, and are currently experimenting with using the edible films to fruits, mean products and dairy.

By Heidi Woolf

Siberians Increasingly Consider Themselves Siberians–Not Russians, Want Independence From Russia

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According to surveys conducted in Siberia, 25-30 percent of Siberians want immediate, complete separation from Russia and 60-70 percent want equal autonomy, while only 10 percent are satisfied with the current status of Siberia within the Russian Federation.

The polls, taken regularly by social and political organizations such as Regionalist Alternative for Siberia (CCA), New Roads of Siberia, and the Siberian Movement, illustrate an increasing interest in separation or greater autonomy from Moscow.

Siberia contains around 11 percent of the population of the Russia Federation–around 20 million people–while it provides the Federation with a disproportionately large amount of revenue. Of the revenue made on exports from Siberia, around 80 percent is reported to proceed to Moscow.

Around 70 percent of Russia’s total exports came from Siberia in 2012. Besides oil and gas, Siberia is rich in metals, mineral, wood,Siberia flag and paper and pulp products. According to analysts, if Siberia ceased paying Russia from its export revenue, it would be the richest region or among the richest regions in the Federation, causing some Siberians to adopt the slogan “Stop feeding Moscow” and adopt a green and white Siberian flag from a brief period in Siberian history when the region was independent.

While Siberia is rich in natural resources, the working wage in Siberia is lower than in Moscow, while the price of food is almost identical. The living standard in Siberia has declined since the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the mortality rate has increased by nearly 30 percent. migration from Siberia to other parts of the Russian Federation has increased.

Also since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Siberians are reportedly travelling more often to China and Japan, rather than Moscow or Europe. Siberia’s economic ties are also said to be increasingly better with Asia than with Moscow or St Petersburg.

By Day Blakely Donaldson

US Travel Warning: Exercise Extreme Caution and Leave Libya Immediately, May Be Targetted for Kidnapping, Violent Attacks or Death

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In light of the security situation in Tripoli, Libya, where local militias are engaging in violence in the immediate vicinity of the US Embassy, the US State Department has issued a travel warning for Libya. The warning superceded the May 27 warning, and is based on “clear and present danger” of kidnapping, violent attacks and death.

US Travel Warning Exercise Extreme Caution and Leave Libya Immediately, May Be Targetted for Kidnapping, Violent Attacks or DeathThe State Department warned all US citizens against travel to Libya and recommended all US citizens in Libya should exercise extreme caution and depart the country immediately. NGO workers and travellers should also be aware that they may be targeted for kidnapping, violent attacks, or death, warned the State Department.

The State Department also stated that Libyan groups have called for attacks against US citizens and US interests.

The US Embassy has relocated embassy staff and suspended all embassy operations. The evacuation took place under the protection of fighter jets, marines, a drone and a V-22 Osprey. The evacuees were sent to neighboring Tunisia.

US State Department spokeswoman Marie Harf said that the US is grateful to Tunisia “for its cooperation and support.” She said the personnel are “traveling onward” from Tunisia.

The current violence in Libya stems from the 2011 revolution and is carried on with military-grade weapons that remain in the hands of private individuals. The equipment includes anti-aircraft weapons.

US Vice President John Kerry made clear that the US was not closing the US embassy.

Hraf stated the US’s continued support for Libya, “We are committed to supporting the Libyan people during this challenging time, and are currently exploring options for a permanent return to Tripoli as soon as the security situation on the ground improves. In the interim, staff will operate from Washington and other posts in the region.

“Securing our facilities and ensuring the safety of our personnel are top Department priorities,” continued Hraf, “and we did not make this decision lightly. Security has to come first. Regrettably, we had to take this step because the location of our embassy is in very close proximity to intense fighting and ongoing violence between armed Libyan factions.”

Former US ambassador Jim Jeffry stated that the US tries to maintain its prescence in nations like Libya, even in dire situations, but when “you do have very clear and present danger–and that was the case in Tripoli over the last few days–you suspent operations at an embassy.”

By James Halevy

 

 

Osama bin Laden Was Killed in 2011 – Documents Seized: up to 1 Million – Released to Date: 17

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After the killing of al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden in Pakistan in May 2011, the US government announced that they had obtained a “treasure trove” of documents that would fill a “small college library”–estimated to be in the hundreds of thousands to one million documents. The importance of these documents was displayed by initial government statements that 400 threats had been identified within the first week of viewing the documents. Top al Qaeda experts believe that the documents show who was connected to al Qaeda and what direction the organization would take after the death of bin Laden, in addition to other information. The number of documents so far released, however, remains at 17, which were published two years ago in May 2012.

Osama bin Laden Was Killed in 2011 - Documents Seized up to 1 Million - Released to Date 17 (2)Top al Qaeda experts, such as Long War Journal Senior Editor, Tom Joscelyn, 35-year terrorism scholar and former Corporate Chair in Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency at the RAND Corporation and former Director of RAND’s Washington, D.C. Office, Professor Bruce Hoffman, and adjunct assistant professor in Georgetown University’s security studies program, Daveed Gartenstein-Ross think that there is no good reason the documents have not been released, and that the interpretation based on the official government line and the released documents is wrong.

“There’s a lot we can’t see.. and the stuff that we do see totally contradicts that paradigm,” said Joscelyn at a recent conference on terrorism. After bin Laden was killed, Joscelyn noted, referring to what the Obama administration had originally said about the extent of the archive found in bin Laden’s lair, Tom Donilon, a former Obama Administration National Security Advisor who was replaced by UN Ambassador Susan Rice in a White House shakeup last year, was one of the first officials to discuss bin Laden’s files. One week after the raid, Donilon described the files found in bin Laden’s residence as “the largest cache of intelligence derived from the scene of any single terrorist.” Donilon, citing the CIA, said the files would fill a “small college library.”

“The number I’ve had quoted to me from officials,” said Joscelyn, “is over a million documents and files. That’s certainly in the hundreds of thousands. Now are all those equally important? No. But a lot of them are.”

Read more: In 1988 When Al Qaeda was Formed There Were Three Jihadist Groups; in 2001 There Were 22; Today There Are 49 

To date, only 17 documents and some videos have been released to the public.

“This is not transparency,” said Joscelyn. “I don’t care if this is a republican administration or a democratic administration… And I think a lot of our debate about how al Qaeda is structured, how if functions, how it’s organized.–I think the answers to a lot of those questions can be found in those documents. And I think there’s no good reason for a lot of those documents to be kept from the public.”

Georgetown University’s Gartenstein-Ross agreed with Jocelyn’s assessment of the documents, and commented that America was not doing all it could to use the documents to understand the al Qaeda terrorist threat.

“We should hasten the declassification of these documents in order to better harness the talents of open-source researchers,” said Gartenstein-Ross. “A lot of these areas where we can’t actually see the organization, open source researchers would understand much, much more if they had access to these documents. And, in my view, the vast majority of these–maybe 90 percent or more–could be released with no harm to national security, no harm to US national interests in any way.

“And I think open source research is very important. It informs the public, it can inform policy makers,” continued Gartenstein-Ross. “We should be getting the most out of this sphere. As long as these documents remain classified… we’re not going to be making the most of open source researchers.”

Professor Bruce Hoffman also agreed. “I couldn’t agree more. I think its shameful that only 17 documents out of literally thousands [have been released]. And anybody who does any kind of historical research knows that you cannot make any kind of judgments on anything based on a handful of highly selected documents. Why I also think it’s absolutely imperative that they should be opened up is the conflicting things we’ve been told about them.

Hoffman commented also on the contradictory nature of the US governments characterization of the documents.

“In May 2011 we were told that these documents incontrovertibly proved that bin Laden was a mastermind,” said Hoffman, “that he was far more involved in running al Qaeda operations than anyone assumed, that he was meeting financiers, that he had connections with affiliates and associates, and even the 17 documents that have been released are highly ambiguous, because you can find, actually, validation for all those points. But then, inexplicably, exactly a year later, in May 2012 we’re told that it says completely the opposite: that bin Laden wasn’t involved, that he was irrelevant, that al Qaeda never really existed as an organization. So which one is it?

“Now, admittedly, some of them, of course, are highly sensitive, for various intelligence reasons, but its hard to believe that we have not taken advantage of this opportunity to establish a baseline understanding of what al Qaeda was like in the last, final days of bin Laden’s reign, and in turn, how that would effect the current organization and direction of al Qaeda.

“This is completely lost,” concluded Hoffman, “and its completely inexplicable as well.”

Osama bin Laden Was Killed in 2011 - Documents Seized up to 1 Million - Released to Date 17 (1)

As to the reason why the document had not been released, Joscelyn stated, “I think there are a lot of bad reasons they haven’t been released. I can’t think of any good ones. The bottom line…is we know the minimalist interpretation of what these documents say is wrong. Here’s how we know it’s wrong: Because James Clapper, DNI, got in front of Congress and said the immediate exploitation of these documents led to 400 individual threats being tracked down by the US intelligence community and its partners. Now think about that. That’s just the immediate threat stream that the US intelligence community was able to cull out of these documents. And there were more than 400 of them. And I’ve been told that’s actually more than 400 individual documents you’re talking about there in the threat stream.

Joscelyn also commented on the contradictory nature of the Obama administration’s characterization of the bin Laden documents. “Now that story–what Clapper said–is the precise opposite of the story that came out with the 17 documents that the administration released. The 17 documents came out not just as documents, but they came out with a narrative, and the narrative said that he was isolated or sidelined in Abad Abad. He was a lion in winter. None of that was true. We have Clapper saying to you that we have 400 immediate threats being culled out of these documents right away.

“You should want to see this incredible archive that has been captured,” concluded Joscelyn.

By Day Blakely Donaldson

“We Were Playing With Memory Like a Yo-Yo” – Scientists Create and Erase Memories

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Researchers at University of California have demonstrated the ability to create memories, erase them and create them again. The researchers used light-sensitive proteins and optical fibers to enact long-term potentiation between neurons, creating new associations.

We could do it over and over, once we knew how to do it,” University of California lead researcher Roberto Malinow told The Speaker. 

nature13294-f1In the study, researchers prepared the rats by injecting their brains with a virus that had been modified by a gene that produces a light-sensitive protein. The gene, once translated into protein, could be activated by a pulse of blue light delivered by an optical fiber the researchers had implanted in the rats’ brains.

Researchers fired a beam of light to the neurons that connect the sound processing region of the brain with a fear-related region, and then shocked the rats with electricity. The action created a memory of fear of sound.

“We can make a memory of something that the animal never experienced before,” Malinow said of the procedure.

The experiment was based on classic conditioning, wherein a tone is played to an animal followed by an electric shock. The animals develop a fear reaction to the tone.

The researchers then sought to erase the fear of sound they had created. They exposed the rats to a sequence of light pulses, which enacted long-term depression between the effected neurons. The rats no longer showed fear when a tone was simulated in the brain.

Fear could be created and erased over and over again, the researchers found. “We were playing with memory like a yo-yo,” stated Malinow.

Although in the study the researchers focused specific instance of memory, Malinow told us that the research had broader, though limited applications. “In our case, we focussed on a very specific memory–one we created artificially. In theory, one could do it to any memory.” However, Malinow told us, in practice it would be very difficult.

Regarding other types of memories, Malinow elaborated, “We don’t know which synapses are modified for any specific natural memory. Even if we did, it would be very difficult to control selectively the activity of just those synapses.”

The method used in the study, long-term potentiation (LPT), was discovered during research experiments in the 1960s and 70s when repeated bursts of electricity to a neuron in the hippocampus seemed to increase the cell’s ability to communicate with a neighboring neuron. Scientists have long theorized that LPT is the basis of memory.

The research has significance in the areas of health, particularly in the treatment of Alzheimer’s. Malinow mentioned several questions the team sought to answer with their research.

Scientifically, we can use this methodology to probe many unanswered questions about memory,” Malinow said. “Does the material that builds up in Alzheimer’s disease actively remove memories? Can this be prevented? How can we inactivate (unwanted) memories? Is there a combination of drugs and behavioral protocols that could inactivate memories? What is the relation between protocol details and duration of memory?”

The University of California team is currently pursuing some of these issues.

By James Haleavy

20 African Nations Together To Build 7,600 KM “Great Green Wall of Africa” Against the Sahara Desert

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The largest non-polar desert, the Sahara, which continues to expand south under the influence of global 20 African Nations Together To Build 7600 KM Great Green Wall (2)warming, will be halted by a 20-nation project to build the world’s largest horticultural feature, the Great Green Wall of Africa.

The project will be supported by the World Bank, the African Union, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the UK Royal Botanical Gardens, which have together pledged $3 billion in addition to technical expertise.

The Sahara covers 9,400,000 square kilometers in North Africa, and it continues to grow due to climate change, creeping into Senegal, Mauritania and Nigeria, according to the US Public Education website.

20 African Nations Together To Build 7600 KM Great Green Wall (1)Twenty African nations, led by Senegal will erect a wall of trees across the southern edge of the Sahara desert from the Dakar on the Atlantic Coast to Djibouti on the Gulf of Aden. The 7,600 km long, 15 km wide Great Green Wall will be the largest horticultural feature ever.

In addition to the stopping the southward advance of the Sahara, the project will focus on sustainable farming, livestock cultivation and food security. For example, a 50,000 acre tree-planting initiative in Senegal focused on acacia trees, which produces gum arabic, a valuable commodity used as a food additive. Some of the trees planted are fruit bearing as well, which will help feed the rural interior of Senegal.

The Great Green Wall is expected to open up thousands of local jobs, as quality land and cultivation opportunities are created.

By Day Blakely Donaldson

CSF

 

Complaint Filed at International Court Against Israel for Alleged War Crimes in Gaza Strip

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A French lawyer filed a complaint Friday against Israel for what the lawyer said were “war crimes committed by the Israeli army in June and July 2014 in Palestine,” referring primarily to Israel’s Protective Edge military campaign in the Gaza Strip, which began July 8.

Over 1000 people have already been killed and over 6,000 injured in the most recent stage of the conflict between Israel and Palestine, according to emergency services in Gaza.

The French lawyer, Gille Devers, told reporters Friday that “Israel, the occupying power, is carrying out a military operation which in principle and form violates the basis of international law.

“Every day new crimes are committed and over 80 percent of the victims are civilians. Children, women, hospitals, UN schools… the Israeli soldiers respect nothing. This is a military attack against the Palestinian population.”

Palestine itself has not filed a complaint at the ICC. Devers said this was due to “political” quarrels over Palestinians’ status, and that his complaint was nonetheless valid.

The UN is currently investigating Protective Edge. UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay has said that Israel could be guilty of war crimes for their military actions.

By Day Blakely Donaldson