Travel Restrictions for US Flights From West Africa Announced

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All people travelling from Ebola-affected nations in West Africa to the United States will be restricted to landing in five major airports, the Department of Homeland Security announced Tuesday. Health screening will also be increased. The security measures take effect Wednesday.

Currently, the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) Customs and Border Protection inspects travellers arriving from Ebola-affected nations for possible disease exposure. The security measures were initiated earlier this month, and include checking for fever and asking questions about possible Ebola exposure.

Wednesday, travellers from Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea will be subject to enhanced screening measures and will be allowed entry into the states through only five US airports–Chicago, Atlanta, Dulles, Newark and New York’s JFK.

The five airports have enhanced screening and additional resources in place, according to DHS.

The five airports account for 94 percent of travellers coming from the affected countries, and there are currently no direct, non-stop commercial flights from Liberia, Sierra Leone or Guinea to the US.

On average, around 150 people arrive in the US from the three countries.

DHS said that it was working with airlines to implement the new restrictions with minimal travel disruption.

The DHS is in the process of increasing Ebola security measures in the US. “We currently have in place measures to identify and screen anyone at all land, sea and air ports of entry into the United States who we have reason to believe has been present in Liberia, Sierra Leone or Guinea in the preceding 21 days,” stated the DHS. “We are continually evaluating whether additional restrictions or added screening and precautionary measures are necessary to protect the American people and will act accordingly.”

By Daniel Jackson

Peru’s Glaciers Have Decreased Over 40 Percent Since 1970

Peru's Glaciers Have Decreased Over 40 Percent Since 1970
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Since 1970, the glaciers of Peru have decreased by over 40 percent, according to the National Water Authority of Peru (ANA), causing concern regarding the hydroelectric plants, agricultural basins and cities that lie below–particularly in the dry coastal region where most Peruvians live.

Peru used satellite images to inventory their glaciers ahead of the upcoming United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 20), which Peru will host in December.

ANA found that 40 percent of Peru’s glaciers had melted since 19070, and some glaciers had lost more than half of their surface to melting during that time. The worst affected, the 5,200 meter (17,000 foot) Pastoruri Glacier, situated in the Andes Mountains, lost 52 percent of its surface in the last four decades.

The melts have created nearly 1,000 new lagoons, according to the ANA.

Peru's Glaciers Have Decreased Over 40 Percent Since 1970Peru's Glaciers Have Decreased Over 40 Percent Since 1970Peru has 2,670 glaciers in 20 mountain ranges that cover approximately 2,000 square kilometers (770 square miles).

The glaciers feed hydroelectric plants and irrigate agricultural basins and cities below,

Peru is one of the world’s most biodiverse nations. Below the snowy Andes Mountains lie Amazon rainforests. The coastal region, where most of Peru’s population lives, is dry, and environmentalists have raised concerns about the impact of the melting glaciers on these populated areas.

Peru is the third most sensitive country when it comes to the impacts of climate change, according to Britain’s Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. Changes in Peru’s glaciers could have a significant impact on precipitation and water availability.

Lima has a population of almost 10 million. It is the world’s second largest desert city after Cairo, Egypt. Lima relies mostly on non-glacial water supplies–specifically, 20 regulated lakes in the Andes, runoff from Yuramayo Lake, and the Rimac and Chillon rivers. However, Lima’s water supply is currently strained due to its growing population, and only 80 percent of Limans have access to running water.

The ANA warned that the Peruvian government needed to adopt preventative measures to protect water resources in the face of natural disasters.

By Sid Douglas

Malaysian Air MH17 Investigation Complete: “It Was Pro-Russian Separatists”

Malaysian Air MH17 Investigation Complete It Was Pro-Russian Separatists (1)
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Malaysian Airlines Flight MH17 was shot down by pro-Russian separatists on July 17, according to the conclusions of the German Foreign Intelligence Service, which completed its detailed analysis of the evidence this month. The conclusions of the agency were unambiguous, it reported, and Russian claims that Ukrainian soldiers had fired the missile were false.

“It was pro-Russian separatists,” said Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND) President Gerhard Schindler. Pro-Russian separatists captured a BUK air defense missile system at a Ukrainian military base and shot a missile that exploded in direct proximity to the plane, according to the BND report.

Schindler said that the findings were unambiguous.

Malaysian Air MH17 Investigation Complete: "It Was Pro-Russian Separatists"Schindler also disconfirmed Russian claims that Ukrainian photos had been manipulated and that a Ukrainian fighter jet had been flying nearby to MH17 when it was shot down. Claims that the missile had been fired by Ukrainian soldiers were also false, Schindler stated.

The German agency made its conclusions after completing a detailed analysis. BND presented their case to members of the parliamentary control committee Oct. 8, providing satellite image and diverse photographic and other evidence. The news was first reported Sunday in Der Spiegel.

Malaysian Air MH17 Investigation Complete: "It Was Pro-Russian Separatists"MH17 was shot down while en route from Amsterdam to Kuala Lampur July 17, killing 298 people, and since that time Russia and Ukraine have blamed each other for the downing of the plane.

Further investigations into the crime have been initiated, according to a spokesperson for the German Federal Prosecutor’s Office. The identities of the perpetrators of the attack on MH17 are being sought. The downing of MH17 is considered to be a possible war crime.

The World’s Regions View “The Greatest Threat to the World” Differently

The World's Regions View "The Greatest Threat to the World" Differently
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The world’s regions view the threats currently faced by the world differently, according to Pew’s 2014 Global Attitudes survey. The survey looked at five major areas of concern and found that some regions worry much more about certain problems than other regions.

The Pew poll included almost 50,000 respondents in 44 countries, and was taken between March and June, 2014. Pew asked participants about five threats: religious and ethnic hatred, inequality, AIDS and other diseases, nuclear weapons, and pollution and the environment.

Europe and the US viewed inequality as the largest threat, according to the research. For Europeans, inequality was by far the greatest threat. For Americans, however, religious and ethnic hatred and nuclear weapons were also seen as significant threats.

The World's Regions View The Greatest Threat to the World Differently (1)

The concern over inequality was most pronounced in Spain and Greece, and this concern has doubled in Italy since 2007.

 

In South Korea and Argentina as well, inequality was at the top. South Korea also worried significantly about the environment and nuclear weapons, and Argentina worried significantly about the environment.

Pollution and the environment were among the main concerns in Asia and Latin America, although Latin America worried most about nuclear weapons.

The world's regions view the threats currently faced by the world differently, according to Pew's 2014 Global Attitudes survey. The survey looked at five major areas of concern and found that some regions worry much more about certain problems than other regions.

For Africans, the biggest threat was AIDS and other diseases–particularly in Central and Southern Africa. In Northern Africa, religious and ethnic hatred was the top threat. Only in Nigeria did any threat rank above diseases and hatred–nuclear weapons.

In the Middle East, religious and ethnic hatred was seen to be the biggest threat by far. In Lebanon, for example, almost 60 percent of the population worried about hatred. In the same population, around 20 percent worried about nuclear weapons and inequality, while only 2-3 percent worried about the environment or diseases.

The most scattered area of concern was nuclear weapons. The nations that worried most about nuclear weapons were Chile, Nigeria, Pakistan, Turkey, Ukraine, and Japan–to date the only country to have experienced a nuclear attack.

The world’s regions also differed in what they did not worry about. In the US and Europe, AIDS and other diseases was a minor concern relative to the other threats. The Middle East and Asia also worried about disease far less than Africa and Latin America.

The Middle East and Africa did not worry a lot about pollution and the environment, and Latin America did not worry a lot about religious and ethnic hatred.

Overall, global concern over inequality has decreased since 2007, as has global concern about the environment and diseases. Global concern has, however, risen with regard to nuclear weapons and especially religious hatred.

The world's regions view the threats currently faced by the world differently, according to Pew's 2014 Global Attitudes survey. The survey looked at five major areas of concern and found that some regions worry much more about certain problems than other regions.

 

By Heidi Woolf

Russia Building Europe’s Largest Prison – Kresty-2

Russia Building Europe's Largest Prison
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Russia will open Europe’s largest prison in 2016. The detention center, known as Kresty-2, will replace one of Russia’s most notorious jails–the 120-year-old Kresty prison, in which Soviet-era dissidents such as Leon Trotsky were held. The first five facilities of the new facility were commissioned Friday.

“It will be the most modern prison in Russia and the biggest in Europe,” said Gennady Kornienko, head of Russia’s prison service.

The facility will be located in a suburb of St Petersberg, Russia’s secont largest city, and will cost 12 billion rubles to build.

Russia Building Europe's Largest PrisonKornienko said that the prison would hold 4,000 inmates. The prison will also have over 150 visiting rooms, four large courtrooms, and elevators–a first in Russia.

Kresty-2 inmates will have 7 square meters of living space, which meets European Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) standards.

Currently, the largest prison in Europe is France’s Fleury-Merogis, which houses 3,800 inmates.

By Andy Stern

Putin and Poroshenko Meet in Milan – Reach Deal on Gas Supplies

Putin and Poroshenko Meet in Milan - Reach Deal for Gas Supplies (1)
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The presidents of Ukraine and Russia met in Milan, Italy Friday to work towards a resolution in the ongoing dispute over gas supplies to Ukraine. A gas deal was reached, according to the leaders, but European leaders felt that Russia still had much work to do regarding the ceasefire in Eastern Ukraine.

“We agreed on all the parameters of this deal,” said Russian President Vladimir Putin. Russia will supply Ukraine with gas “at least for the winter,” Putin told reporters, but he urged European countries to assist Ukraine in settling its $4.5 billion gas bill with Russia.

Russia cut off Ukraine’s gas supply last June.

The Russian leader met with Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko in a one-on-one meeting Friday.

Putin and Poroshenko Meet in Milan - Reach Deal for Gas Supplies (1)The closed meeting was followed by talks attended by European leaders.

“I cannot see a breakthrough here at all so far,” said German Chancellor Angela Merkel. “We will continue to talk. There was progress on some details, but the main issue is continued violations of the territorial integrity of Ukraine.”

Italy, Ukraine and Russia agreed, however, to join France and Germany in monitoring the Ukraine-Russia border with surveillance drones through the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), which is currently overseeing the ceasefire in Eastern Ukraine.

Gas talks will continue in Brussels next week, according to EU officials.

Poroshenko told press that he hoped the deal reached Friday could be finalized by next week’s meeting.

“A deal on gas is now really within reach, which is very important for the Ukrainians and very reassuring for the Russians, because they really want to be paid,” said French President Francois Hollande of the prospective deal.

By James Haleavy

Japan to Make Concessions on Senkaku Islands, First Meeting Between Japanese and Chinese Leaders Possible

Japan Caves on Senkaku Islands, First Meeting Between Japanese and Chinese Leaders Possible
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President Shinzo Abe of Japan and President Xi Jinping of China may meet for the first time at the upcoming APEC summit. Abe has reportedly agreed to significant concessions regarding the disputed Senkaku Islands. The leaders of Japan and China have not met since taking their current positions on the status of the Islands in 2012.

Abe is prepared to acknowledge that China has a case in their claim to the Senkaku Islands, which China calls the Diaoyu Islands, altough Abe maintains that the Senkakus are an inherent part of Japanese territory, according to Japanese government sources.

Previously, Japan has refused even to acknowledge that a territorial dispute exists, repeating on numerous occasions, “There exists no issue of territorial sovereignty to be resolved concerning the Senkaku Islands.”

Abe intends to propose settling the issue through mutual dialogue, according to the sources.

Abe and Xi have not met since the two leaders were elected in 2012, but it is reported that the two plan to meet for 15 minutes at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in Beijing next month.

https://thespeakernewsjournal.com/south-korea-claims-airspace-overlapping-japanese-chinese-claims/The main roadblock to a meeting between the two leaders has been Japan’s refusal to acknowledge a territorial dispute. China has made repeated calls for such an acknowledgment, and the two governments engaged in a public dispute over the issue last year during the UN General Assembly meeting.

“Japan needs to recognize that there is such a dispute. The whole world knows that there is a dispute,” stated Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi in September, 2013.

Shortly thereafter Abe stated, “Senkaku is an inherent part of the territory of Japan in light of historical facts and based upon international law, and the islands are under the valid control of Japan.”

Abe insisted that “Japan would not make a concession on our territorial sovereignty.”

However, both governments have asserted their desire for better relations.

The dispute over the Senkaku Islands, which Japan has administrated since 1895, intensified last year when China announced new borders for its air defense zone which overlapped existing Japanese air defense zones.

During that time, the Chinese economy has slowed, and Japanese investment in China dropped 40 percent on an annual basis in the first half of 2014 after dropping one-fifth last year.

Obama Scrapped Disease Quarantine Regulations for Airlines Four Years Ago

Obama Scrapped Disease Quarantine Regulations for Airlines Four Years Ago
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In 2010 the Obama administration did away with proposed quarantine regulations that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) considered to be critical to protecting Americans in the event of deadly diseases being spread by travelers. The regulations, which had been proposed in 2005 as a reaction to the H5N1 avian flu virus that spread globally that year, would have given additional responsibilities to airlines dealing with passengers who could be infected with deadly diseases.

The regulations would have given federal government powers to detain sick airline passengers and people exposed to certain diseases. The regulations would have also created stricter airline policy with regards to reporting ill passengers to the CDC, and airlines would have been mandated to collect contact information from passengers in case that information was later needed to trace infection in the event of an outbreak.

The CDC would have been empowered to detain people involuntarily for three business days if they suspected certain diseases–namely pandemic flu, infectious tuberculosis, plague, cholera, SARS, smallpox, yellow fever, diphtheria and Ebola.

Read more: US Experts Warn US Not Prepared to Contain Ebola, US Officials Reject Travel Restrictions

The regulations were initiated under the Bush Administration. In 2008, CDC spokesperson Christine Person said of the measures, “It’s important to public well being to move forward with the regulations. We require to update our quarantine regulations, and this final rule is an important step.”

Although CDC officials said that the additional powers would only be used in rare circumstances of health threats, the regulations were opposed by airlines and civil liberties organizations, which complained of the costs associated with the responsibilities, as well as the potential for privacy rights violations.

By Heidi Woolf

First Travel Restrictions in US Due to Ebola

First Travel Restrictions in US Due to Ebola
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Dallas County Judge Clay Jenkins, working with county officials, will enact a control order limiting travel for people who have been exposed to Ebola, Jenkins said Wednesday, calling the situation in Texas a “very serious public health Ebola crisis.” Travel will be restricted on public transportation, including buses and airliners, and further restrictions are being explored by local and state governments.

“I’m not considering it. I’m going to do it,” said Dallas County Judge Clay Jenkins, speaking of a legal order restricting travel for health care workers involved in the treatment of Thomas Duncan, who died of Ebola last week in Texas Presbyterian Hospital.

“We have the ability to have our county medical director sign a control order. I’m also working with Clay_Jenkins_headshotthe state–‘one team, one fight’–to join us in that, because some of the people under the order don’t live in Dallas County. They live in the surrounding counties.

“At a minimum,” Jenkins said, “it will follow the CDC guidelines on traveling by public conveyance.”

“This is a fluid and very serious public health Ebola crisis,” said Jenkins. He said that his office was doing something to stop travel–putting in place a control order that would restrict people from getting on public transportation. He was also working with higher levels of government to look at “other public venues where movement would be restricted.”

Jenkins clarified the risks people faced with regards to travel.

“It’s not a problem for you to ride next to a diseased contact in a car–if it were, I wouldn’t have driven people who were disease contacts to their new home. But it is a problem if you are in an enclosed area like an airplane on a cross-country flight and someone gets symptoms, and then they have body fluids that get on other people. And so, restricting long-distance buses or public transportation–there may be other sorts of venues where you’re kind of locked into an area. So that’s what we’re looking at.”

Jenkins stated that it was “very disappointing” to him that someone with a fever, such as Amber Vinson was reported to have had, would have been allowed on an airplane. “It is unacceptable that that happened.”

Jenkins spoke about the problems that he had been dealing with in Dallas, as well as the evolving challenges. “I feel good about what we thought was the scary problem last week, and that is Eric Duncan for five days with Ebola in my community, where I’ve got to go find everybody that touched him. We did that. Now we’ve got a breach at the hospital.”

Jenkins made the point that the health care workers were not at fault. “That’s a procedure, protocol or supervision problem–Those nurses are heroes.”

“This new problem with the hospital causes us to fight a two-front war,” said Jenkins.

Jenkins said that he thought that they had achieved a significant level of control over the hospital breach as well.

The current problems officials were dealing with, Jenkins said, were the two families of the infected health care workers, as well as the 75 people who were away from the patient population.

Of those 75 hospital workers, most were at home on furlough, Jenkins said. Officials were working on a situation in which those exposed people could choose whether to stay at home, or, if they were concerned about family members, they could transfer to a safer location.

“Two options. You can stay at home under the orders we’re putting there. Or you can go to a place where you’ll be cared for.

Some of the exposed health care workers, however, continue to treat Amber Vinson, because they have already been exposed, Jenkins said.

Jenkins stressed that those people affected by the ban had done nothing wrong.

“These are not criminals. These are heroic health care professionals. They are not trying to get out into the community and cause any harm. And they don’t need to be vilified, and their children don’t need to be vilified. If an order is in place, I expect it to be followed, and we would use the law to enforce it, but that won’t be necessary.

“These are heroic health care professionals who just need some guidance on what they can and can’t do in a very difficult time in their life.”

Jenkins current interest was, he said, keeping the two and a half million people who live in Dallas safe.

“My job is to correct mistakes as fast as I find them, whoever made them. ‘One team, one fight.’ To find those mistakes. We’ll worry about whose fault it was later. Let’s get it corrected. Let’s make sure nobody else gets on an airplane. Let’s move forward and keep this community safe.”

 

The World May Have to Live With Ebola Forever – UN

The World May Have to Live Ebola Forever - UN
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The United Nations repeated its calls for immediate aid, saying that response efforts must be hundreds of times greater than they currently are in order to meet the threat of an epidemic that, the UN has stated, was outstripping all current efforts. The UN warned that without much higher levels of response, the world would have to live with the Ebola virus forever.

“The world has never seen anything like it. Time is our enemy. The virus is far ahead of us,” said Anthony Banbury, head of the UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response (UNMEER).

“The world must now act to help the people and governments of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia,” said Banbury. “Failing to help will lead to unpredictable but very dire consequences for the people of the countries and well beyond. As long as there is once case of Ebola in any of these three countries, no country is safe. We must rise to the occasion. We must defeat this disease.”

“We have an illness where there were 300 cases in March, where there were more than 6000 cases in September,” said President of Doctors Without Borders USA, Dean Marchbein, “and the World Health Organization is estimating that if nothing is done by February, there will be 1.4 million cases.”

The threat of Ebola is international, according to the UN. UN General Assembly (UNGA) President Sam Kutesa said that Ebola could quickly spread to other nations. “Ebola is a threat that can easily land at any nation’s doorstep,” said Kutesa at a recent meeting.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Risk Assessment, “In the current outbreak, infected travelers have crossed land borders with neighboring countries or have traveled internationally. More EVD cases might be exported to non-affected countries.”

Dr. David Nabarro, Special Envoy of the Secretary-General on Ebola, said of the current outbreak, “I’ve worked as a public health doctor for 35 years… but I have never encountered a public health crisis like this in my life.”

Nabarro and other UN officials called for immediate, coordinated international efforts and funding of at least a billion dollars to combat the immediate threat of Ebola, saying that without this level of response, “it will be impossible to get this disease quickly under control, and the world will have to live with the Ebola virus forever.”

By James Haleavy

Source: UN

WHO Update on Ebola: “The situation is worse than it was 12 days ago–It’s entrenched”

WHO Update on Ebola The situation is worse than it was 12 days ago--It's entrenched
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WHO officials provided an update Friday on the progress of the Ebola epidemic gripping West Africa and outpacing all efforts to control it. The WHO warned that without immediate, concerted action Ebola could become a global pandemic on the scale of HIV, and added that the current response was only half of what it needed to be.

“The situation is worse than it was 12 days ago. It’s entrenched in the capitals. Seventy percent of the [infected] people are definitely dying from this disease and it is accelerating in almost all settings,” said Bruce Aylward, assistant director general of the World Health Organization.

Aylward offered three numbers: 70, 70 and 60. To control Ebola, 70 percent of Ebola-victim burials must be conducted safely, 70 percent of those infected must be in treatment, and within 60 days.

“The virus is moving on virus time; we’re moving on bureaucracy or program time,” commented Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota. “The virus is actually picking up the pace. Even as we add resources, we get farther behind.”

Ebola cases are doubling every three weeks in West Africa, and global health officials are watching closely the “reproduction number” of the virus. This number estimates the number of people, on average, who will contract the virus from each person already stricken. The current number is estimated to be 1.5 to two. In order for the epidemic to decline, the number must be below one.

“The speed at which things are moving on the ground, it’s hard for people to get their minds around. People don’t understand the concept of exponential growth,” said Frieden. “Exponential growth in the context of three weeks means, ‘If I know that X needs to be done, and I work my butt off and get it done in three weeks, it’s now half as good as it needs to be.'”

“Maybe we can bring [the reproduction number] from two to 1.2 or 1.3, which would indicate that the number of new cases will be dramatically reduced, and that will give you time,” commented Gerardo Chowell, a mathematical epidemiologist at Arizona State University, who worked on the current reproduction number estimate. “Even modest gains in lowering the number could give health officials and the military a better chance of controlling the epidemic,” considered Chowell.

To date, over 4,000 people have died in West Africa out of 8,000 reported cases. The current assumption regarding the numbers is that they are significantly underreported, and that for every four known cases, six more go unreported.

By Andrew Stern

Men and Women Judge Art Differently, According to New Study

Men and Women Judge Art Differently, According to New Study
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Whose art is worth more? The ordinary painter who just took up the craft or the authentic artist who has spent 20 years working at it and believes he will paint until he dies? According to a new joint marketing study, women and men judge the value of art differently, and how an artist is presented could have a significant effect on how much of the $65bn worldwide art market he or she will claim.

The research looked at the responses of 518 subjects–male and female–to two unfamiliar paintings which were each accompanied by a fabricated artist biography. Some participants read a biography that described the artist as an ordinary painter who only recently took up art. Other participants read a biography that described a much more authentic painter.

Men and Women Judge Art Differently (2)
Stephanie Mangus

“The more authentic artist was described as having been painting for over 20 years and believes they will paint ‘until he dies,'” Stephanie Mangus, assistant professor in MSU’s Broad College of Business and an author of the report, told The Speaker.

Both male and female subjects were found to be more willing to buy the more authentic artist’s work and to pay a higher price for that work.

However, males were much more likely to base their decisions on the artist’s “brand” than females, according to the research.

Women were more likely to “go through a complicated process of actually evaluating the artwork,” the researchers found.

“Regarding the complicated process,” Mangus explained to us, “women rely more heavily on the attitude they form toward the art itself, even if they are not an art expert, when determining their behavioral intentions toward the art (purchase and purchase price). Women rely more strongly than men on their own judgments of the actual piece of artwork. Men, in contrast, place more emphasis on the attitude they develop toward the artist when making these same downstream decisions related to purchase and price.”

The research has several implications, for both business and the everyday art viewer, Mangus told us.

“On the management/business side, we would like the folks that manage artists and other creative sorts (and even brands) to understand that authenticity is important to consumers. Consistency between an artist’s authentic ‘story’ and the image/brand they present to the outside world factors into how consumers judge them and their work. Ultimately, whether or not artists make any money off of consumers is partially a function of their authenticity and ability to convey it.

“On the consumer side, it’s a nice note to the non-connoisseur that they can still make evaluations of art and not shy away from making these types of decisions.”

The findings may extend to other creator-based product industries as well, such as clothing, shoe, jewelry and restaurant and food industries.

“While designers and chefs oftentimes operate in the background, this research suggests that more emphatically communicating their passion and commitment to their craft could significantly benefit that brand’s image and sales,” the team found.

The report may also help to fill in the dearth of consumer research relating to the steadily growing art market, according to Mangus, which has outperformed the equities market during the past 10 years of growth.

“For the average person trying to purchase art, knowing something about the artist–and knowing that the artist is authentic–can reduce the risk of buying a worthless piece,” Mangus stated. “All consumers in the study, but especially men, evaluated art with a strong emphasis on how motivated and passionate the artist was. So if you’re an artist or if you’re managing an artist, developing that human brand–getting the message across that you’re authentic–becomes essential.”

The report was authored by Julie Guidry Moulard from Louisiana Tech University, Dan Hamilton Rice from Louisiana State University and Carolyn Popp Garrity from Birmingham-Southern College, in addition to Mangus, and was published in Psychology & Marketing.

By Joseph Reight